While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized the defensive and non-military aspects of jihad, some Islamists have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory. In the modern era, the notion of jihad has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead given rise to an ideological and political discourse.
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They developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to jihad, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat. The word jihad appears frequently in the Qur'an with and without military connotations, often in the idiomatic expression "striving in the path of God (al-jihad fi sabil Allah)", conveying a sense of self-exertion.
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The term has gained additional attention in recent decades through its use by various insurgent Islamic extremist, militant Islamist, and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideology is based on the Islamic notion of jihad. In Sufi circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of greater jihad. In classical Islamic law ( sharia), the term refers to armed struggle against unbelievers, while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare. In an Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God's guidance, such as struggle against one's evil inclinations, proselytizing, or efforts toward the moral betterment of the Muslim community ( Ummah), though it is most frequently associated with war. Jihad ( / dʒ ɪ ˈ h ɑː d/ Arabic: جهاد, romanized: jihād ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.
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Jihadist extremism in the United States.